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Today: March 18, 2025
Today: March 18, 2025

Iran is rearming its missile program and a ship of supplies just arrived from China, Western sources say

Iranian demonstrators march next to a domestically-built missile during a rally commemorating the anniversary of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Tehran earlier this week.
Vahid Salemi/AP via CNN Newsource

(CNN) โ€” The first of two vessels carrying 1,000 tons of a Chinese-made chemical that could be a key component in fuel for Iranโ€™s military missile program has anchored outside the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas on Thursday, ship tracking data shows. It could be a signal that Iranโ€™s missile production is back to business as usual after the devastating, and embarrassing, attacks by Israel on key factories last year.

The ship, Golbon, left the Chinese port of Taicang three weeks ago loaded with most of a 1,000-ton shipment of sodium perchlorate, the main precursor in the production of the solid propellant that powers Iranโ€™s mid-range conventional missiles, according to two European intelligence sources.

The sodium perchlorate could allow for the production of sufficient propellant for some 260 solid rocket motors for Iranโ€™s Kheibar Shekan missiles or 200 of the Haj Qasem ballistic missiles, according to the intelligence sources.

Iran is rearming its missile program and a ship of supplies just arrived from China, Western sources say
Missiles are seen during a joint exercise called the 'Great Prophet 17,' in Iran's southwest in 2021.

The shipment comes as Iran has suffered a series of regional setbacks with the collective defeat suffered by its allies: the fall of Bashar al-Assad in Syria and Hezbollahโ€™s losses in Lebanon. Following Israelโ€™s strike on Iranโ€™s missile production facilities in October, some Western experts believed it could take at least a year before Iran could resume solid-propellant production. This delivery points to Iran being not far from โ€“ or that they could already be back to โ€“ the production of its missiles.

The shipment was purchased on behalf of the Procurement Department of the Self Sufficiency Jihad Organization (SSJO), part of the Iranian body responsible for the development of Iranโ€™s ballistic missiles, according to the sources.

The second ship, Jairan, has yet to be loaded and leave China, with both vessels operated by the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) company, the sources told CNN. The Jairan is due to ferry the remainder of the 1,000 tons to Iran. The Golbon left the Taicang port for Iran on January 21.

CNN has reached out to IRISL for comment.

Iran is rearming its missile program and a ship of supplies just arrived from China, Western sources say
Iran is rearming its missile program and a ship of supplies just arrived from China, Western sources say

The sources could not say if the Chinese government knew of the shipments prior to media reporting about their movement late January. The delivery of sodium perchlorate in itself is not illegal, nor does it breach Western sanctions.

In a response to a request for comment from CNN, Chinaโ€™s Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it was โ€œnot aware of the specifics of the caseโ€ mentioned and reiterated that it opposed โ€œillegal unilateral sanctionsโ€ and โ€œarbitrary smearing and accusations that lack evidence.โ€

โ€œChina has consistently abided by export controls on dual-use items in accordance with its international obligations and domestic laws and regulations,โ€ the statement said, adding that โ€œsodium perchlorate is not a controlled item by China, and its export would be considered normal trade.โ€

Sanctions backdoor

The United States and United Kingdom have levied sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines company, with the State Department saying the firm is the โ€œpreferred shipping line for Iranian proliferators and procurement agents.โ€

The UK treasury said the company was โ€œinvolved in hostile activityโ€ by Iran and highlighted its links to the Iranian defense sector.

Both the Golbon and Jairan are under US sanctions.

Meanwhile, China has remained a diplomatic and economic ally for sanctions-hit Iran, decrying โ€œunilateralโ€ US sanctions against the country and welcoming Tehran into Beijing- and Moscow-led international blocs like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS.

China also remains by far Iranโ€™s largest energy buyer, though it has not reported purchases of Iranian oil in its official customs data since 2022, according to analysts.

Despite Chinaโ€™s historic ties to Iranโ€™s defense sector, observers say Beijing has scaled back security ties over the past decade as it seeks to bolster relations with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states. The US has in recent years, however, sanctioned a number of Chinese entities for alleged roles supporting Iranian military drone production. Recent joint naval drills between China, Iran and Russia have also signaled a potential deepening of government-to-government strategic ties.

A key ingredient

While Iran would need solid propellant for a range of missiles, including smaller air defense weapons, the lionโ€™s share of such deliveries would likely be headed towards Iranโ€™s ballistic missile program, Fabian Hinz, research fellow at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, told CNN.

Although sodium perchlorate trade is not restricted by Western sanctions, it can be chemically transformed into ammonium perchlorate - a fuel and oxidizer which is a controlled product.

โ€œAmmonium perchlorate is the material that was used in the solid rocket propellants of the Space Shuttle,โ€ Andrea Sella, professor of inorganic chemistry at University College London, told CNN.

โ€œThere really arenโ€™t very many alternative thingsโ€ that the chemical in the Chinese deliveries can be used for, aside from for rocket propellants, fireworks and fuel, he said, adding: โ€œPerchlorates have a fairly narrow range of uses.โ€

Increasing controls on perchlorates in the West have seen China become a major alternative supplier of such chemicals, he said.

China has long been โ€œa primary source of sodium perchlorate for Iranโ€™s missile programs, dating at least to the mid-2000s,โ€ Jeffrey Lewis, director of the East Asia Nonproliferation Program at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies, told CNN.

โ€œThis is just the latest shipment in a decades-old pattern,โ€ Lewis added.

Supply troubles

Defense analyst Hinz said that while Iran has previously boasted of its ability to produce ammonium perchlorate itself, this delivery hints at supply chain bottlenecks as domestic precursor supply has been unable to meet missile production needs. Itโ€™s a problem even countries like the US can face, he added.

Hinz said that Iranโ€™s solid propellant production infrastructure has โ€œdramatically expanded in the last few years - and potentially even since October 7, (2023),โ€ with new sites built and existing ones enlarged.

Kheibar Shekan missiles have a range of 880 miles (around 1,420 km), with their Haj Qasem cousins able to reach targets 900 miles (around 1,450 km) away, according to the Western intelligence source. Although not the most technically advanced weapons in Iranโ€™s arsenal, their range does make them valuable for attacks on Israel.

Hinz said that variants of such missiles have been used by Iranian-backed Houthis in Yemen against Israel, despite the distance ostensibly outstripping the missilesโ€™ standard range. Modifications of the warhead mass or secondary propulsion units could lengthen their reach, he said.

Solid propellant is also used in Iranโ€™s short-range missiles โ€“ like those used in the past against US bases in the region and in exports to Russia, Hinz said. Iranโ€™s largest and most powerful ballistic missiles typically use liquid propellant.

According to the Israel Defense Forces, wreckage from at least one Kheibar Shakan missile was recovered following Iranโ€™s October 1, 2024 barrage against Israel. Analysis from one of the Western sources confirmed that some 50 medium-range missiles with solid propulsion were fired at Israel by Iran in this attack.

Iranโ€™s arsenal is believed to hold โ€œover 3,000 ballistic missiles,โ€ US Air Force Gen. Kenneth McKenzie told Congress in 2023 - but exact numbers of each type of missile are unknown.

A western intelligence official told CNN that, although relevant US government agencies are aware of the delivery, there is limited concern over the shipment. If Iran does funnel the chemicals towards missile fuel production, especially on weapons destined for Russia, that will be of greater concern, the source said.

The Iranian government declined to comment in response to questions posed by CNN for this article.

The-CNN-Wire
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