By Gloria Dickie and Jonathan Saul
LONDON (Reuters) - Ships sailing through Arctic waters will no longer be able to use or carry heavy bunker fuel oil under a United Nations shipping agency regulation which took effect on Monday.
Yet environmental groups say the ban does not go far enough in geographic scope or addressing dirty black carbon emissions from ships, which can darken white ice and speed up the melting wrought by climate change.
The ban, adopted in 2021 by the UN's International Maritime Organization (IMO), aims to prevent heavy fuel oil (HFO) spills which could have a devastating impact on the Arctic's sensitive environment and species, including walrus, polar bears, and beluga whales.
"Shipping in the Arctic continues to increase - both in terms of numbers of ships and also the length of time ships are sailing in the Arctic," said Sian Prior, lead advisor of the Clean Arctic Alliance which comprises 20 environmental groups.
As climate change opens up the region, the Arctic is at heightened risk of a spill.
Although the ban begins on July 1, it will only come into full force in 2029 after a number of exemptions expire. But some Arctic coastal countries told Reuters they intend to take more immediate action.
Heavy fuel oil is a tar-like residual waste from the oil refining process that is about 30% cheaper than alternatives.
It is thicker than other fuels, making it difficult to clean up in the event of a spill.
WAIVERS AND ADOPTION
The regulation will result in the prohibition of nearly a third of HFO carried and 16 percent of HFO used in Arctic waters as of July 1, 2024, compared with the 2019 Arctic fleet, according to a 2020 analysis by the non-profit International Council on Clean Transportation.
That is because it grants a temporary exemption to ships built since 2017 that have protected fuel tanks which lessen the likelihood of a spill.
LNG tankers, bulk carriers and cargo vessels generally use the most HFO in operations.
The regulation also allows Arctic coastal nations to grant waivers to ships flying the flag of the nation while operating in sovereign waters, until 2029.
More than half of the 2019 Arctic fleet would meet the standards to receive a waiver, the analysis found.
Five Arctic coastal nations are able to issue waivers due to their geography.
Canada's transportation ministry told Reuters it would issue waivers to domestically flagged vessels involved in providing food and fuel supplies to Arctic communities until July 1, 2026.
Any waiver decision would be made public, a government spokesperson said, noting Canada had not yet received any applications.
Norway already has the Svalbard Environmental Protection Act which bans HFO.
Earlier this month, an Irish shipping company was fined 1 million NOK ($94,000) for sailing through Svalbard's waters with HFO on board.
Denmark's Ministry of the Environment did not respond to a request for comment on whether it would issue waivers for the waters around Greenland.
The United States did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
Finland has also not yet adopted the regulation, but a government spokesperson told Reuters it aimed to do so later this year.
RUSSIA'S POSITION UNCLEAR
It remains unclear when Russia, responsible for more than half of the Arctic coastline, will implement the ban.
Russia would need to approve amendments to a maritime convention on pollution before the regulations could enter into force, Russia's mission to the IMO said in an October 2022 submission.
The country's transport ministry did not respond to a request for comment.
Russia's state-owned shipping group Sovcomflot "will be guided by the decisions of both international and national maritime authorities and comply with them", the company said.
The impact of Western sanctions is also likely to weigh on compliance with the new HFO regulations, shipping industry sources said.
Enforcement of the IMO's stringent use of high sulphur fuel oil globally, introduced in 2020, has been impacted by delayed implementation of the same regulations in Russia, as well as increasing non-compliance by the so-called shadow fleet of tankers transporting oil from countries hit by sanctions including Russia, Iran and Venezuela.
(Reporting by Gloria Dickie and Jonathan Saul in London; Additional reporting by Ali Withers, Stine Jacobsen in Copenhagen and Gleb Stolyarov in Russia; Editing by Christina Fincher)